There are two types of mining methods commonly used in large scale mineral mining. To define the ore from the waste rock, samples are taken and assayed. What is opencast mining opencast mining is also known as open pit mining, open cut mining, surface or strip mining. To expose and mine the ore, it is generally necessary to excavate and relocate large quantities of waste rock. Optimization of the loading and hauling j fleet at. The mining rate includes the mining of both waste and ore.
Some pits operate at a rate of more than 100,000 tpd. Advantages and disadvantages of open pit mining lorecentral. Open pit mines, like the one shown in this video, process tons of rock in order to extract just a few ounces. Some of the harder areas require blasting to loosen the rock prior to excavation by hydraulic diggers.
This analysis is performed in order to appreciate the possible economic. This method involves moving large amounts of material, as soil, rock and vegetation has to be. Pdf lecture 4 open pit mining presentation abdelaziz. The coal upto economical depth will be excavated by oc method. Openpit mining is the process of extracting rock or minerals from the earth through their removal from an open pit or borrow.
Measurement of blast damage office of surface mining. Optimization of the loading and hauling fleet at mamatwan open pit mine j o u r n a l p a p e r the journal of the southern african institute of mining and metallurgy volume 109 nonrefereed paper april 2009 225 figure 4schematic of mamatwan ore beneficiation process delivering export and sinter products. Open pit mining techniquessurface minesrock or mineral. The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is usually much greater. Indeed may be compensated by these employers, helping keep indeed free for jobseekers.
These energy costs were, in turn, subdivided into two components. Openpit mining which is sometimes referred to as open cut mining, opencast mining or simply strip mining is a mining technique that extracts important minerals from a borrow or an open pit. Maptek vulcan open pit training special thanks to matthew goldbaum. Open cast mining involves the removal of ore from seams. The mine planning process for an openpit diamond mining. Openpit mining methods are applicable to mining ore deposits that apex at or near the surface. Schematic representation of an open pit design showing three pushbacks with gap problems. Clays usually are transported by truck from the mine to the processing plants, many of which.
The definition of a open pit mine is an excavation or cut made at the surface of the ground for the purpose of extracting ore and which is open to the surface for the duration of the mine s life. Open pit mining mining methods hydraulic gassification opencast mining open cut. Benchmarking the energy consumption of canadian openpit mines 2 methodology the total energy costs for openpit mining operations for the nine operations were compared. As we said before, the mining process works by the excavation of small bites that will define benches. Surface mining planning and design of open pit mining presentation pdf available march 2010 with 18,455 reads how we measure reads. To uncover the minerals the land is first cleared of vegetation as. The stripping pit limits must be extended beyond the limits of the ore pit to provide a bench, and the pit.
Pit mining is more cost effective than shaft mining because more ore can be extracted and more quickly. Open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. The evaluation method is generally ordinary kriging with mining block sizes ranging from 10 x 10m to 100 x 100m to 250 x 250m in the plan view. Open pit mining is profitable when the deposit is not very deep or when the terrain is sandy or delicate, so that underground mining is not possible. The fimiston open pit, known as the super pit, located in kalgoorlie in western australia. Open pit operator open pit mining jobs, employment. Compared with underground mining, surface mining is much more efficient. Continuous operations english pdf article advanced process control to meet the needs of the metallurgical industry english pdf article standing the environment english pdf.
The open cut mine is dug downwards in benches or steps which slope towards the centre of the pit. Following the decision to convert to open cut mining, a mine optimisation computer program was used to optimise the pit size. Hardrock mining exposes rock that has lain unexposed for geological. The mine planning process for an openpit diamond mining operation the two pipes is shown in figure 3. The word is used to distinguish this type of mining from extractive methods that need tunneling into the earth. The removal of this material is known as stripping. Abbs reliable electrical equipment for collahuasi openpit mine, reprint from atp international 3 2005 no.
The open pit exposes the orebody from the surface by separate removal of ore and associated waste rocks. The mining rate in open pit mine planning uq espace. Worldwide, 40 percent of mining occurs at the surface, according to greenpeace international. The word is used to distinguish this type of mining from.
Open pit mines can be used in coal mining, and they are used extensively in hard rock mining for ores such as metal ores, copper, gold, iron, aluminum, and many minerals. Opencut mining is one method used to extract these minerals from the earth. The current operating depth of oc mines in sccl is about 200m and sccl proposed to operate oc mines upto a depth of 420m. Openpit mining deposits mined by openpit techniques are generally divided into horizontal layers called benches. Open pit mining or strip mining is an extraction process for ore or fossil fuels that takes place at the surface of a mining site. The availability and production capability of surface equipment makes openpit mining a very attractive choice. Open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. An innovative approach for controlling operational. The working conditions are safer for the miners because there is no risk of cave in or toxic gas. Informative presentation you came across to know about open pit mining. Openpit mining operations are longterm investments, and therefore, are subject to possible unexpected changes during the mine exploitation stage. The unique waste handling needs, including tailings disposal, of contemporary oil. During the mining process, the land face is scraped away by explosives and digging creating a deeper and deeper pit until the mining is complete. Openpit surface, underground, and fluid solution mining.
Indeed ranks job ads based on a combination of employer bids and relevance, such as your search terms and other activity on. It is the most economic option for a deposit up to that depth where the economic ratio of ore and waste can be sustained. Optimized open pit mine design, pushbacks and the gap. Similar to most mining plants, the production process of company a consists of two major components, the open pit mine and the copper ore enrichment plant. Open pit mining does offer some advantages over traditional deep shaft mining. Opencut mining is used when the minerals are found over a large area and relatively close to the surface. Open pit mine planning and design is an excellent textbook for courses in surface mine design, open pit design, geological and excavation engineering, and in advanced open pit mine planning and design. The benches should have a face angle that allows to achieve a stable face. It excludes quarrying and open cast extraction of construction materials, stone and rock. Operations modeling and analysis of open pit copper mining using gps tracking data yifei tan undram chinbat. At the strategic level, the ultimate pit limit upl problem, based on the seminal work of lerchs and grossmann 1965, provides a solution for the ultimate pit limit contours of a deposit with the objective of maximizing total pro. Unesco eolss sample chapters civil engineering vol. Strip mining is a practical type of mining when the ore body that is to be extracted is near the surface.
The thickness that is, the height of the benches depends on the type of deposit, the mineral being mined, and the equipment being used. Openpit mining openpit mining, also known as opencast mining, opencut mining, and strip mining, means a process of digging out rock or minerals from the earth by their elimination from an open pit or borrow. In a open pit coal mine, the pit bottom would be the bottom mined coal seam elevation, since it is usually feasible to extract multiple seams when surface mining coal. This type of mining is particularly damaging to the environment because strategic minerals are often only available in small concentrations, which increases the amount of ore needed to be mined. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization.
Environmental hazards are present during every step of the openpit mining process. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Openpit mining is a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth from an open pit or borrow. There are many advantages to the open pit mining method, namely. Gold is now primarily found in very low concentrations. Openpit mines are used when deposits of minerals or rock are found near the surface. Open cast mineral resources are quoted as insitu tonnages and mineral reserves are tonnages falling within an economic pitshell. Strip mining is the process of mining a seam of mineral by removing a long strip of overlying soil and rock. A process flow diagram for kaolin mining and dry processing is presented in figure 11. If the deposit apexes below the surface, the overburden and barren capping overlying the ore must be removed in advance of open pit mining.
457 1207 1485 278 579 489 1166 664 895 626 1196 174 576 845 1097 17 1321 1107 285 1237 1331 643 862 477 779 481 1024 19 1153 606 1283 490 76 737 1419